Seismically Evaluate Liquefaction-Induced Steel Tunnel–Sand–Pile Interaction (TSPI) Response

This paper presents the steel tunnel–sand–pile interaction (TSPI) response under scaled (0.05[Formula: see text]g and 0.1[Formula: see text]g) seismic excitations (Kobe and Loma Prieta) and sinusoidal wave (frequencies of 1, 5, and 7[Formula: see text]Hz) along with the sand relative densities of 48% and 80%. For this reason, a scaled shake table test was performed in the laboratory, and the 3D numerical analysis was performed by the Plaxis for the simulation. No joint was considered along the length of the tunnel to avoid complexity. In most cases, the excess pore pressure ratio exceeds the unit value at bottom and top locations of the TSPI model to inform the occurrence of liquefaction. Maximum lateral and translational displacements of the tunnel were found to be 143[Formula: see text]mm and 72[Formula: see text]mm, respectively, at the crown. In addition, the maximum vertical translation of sand and root mean square (RMS) value of the pile strain were obtained to be 61[Formula: see text]mm and 20[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m/m, respectively. However, close variations of numerical and experimental studies may convince the accuracy of the simulation. By the way, it has a scope to enhance this study in the future by varying the geometry of the TSPI model.