Oblique Penetration of a Circular Pipe Target by a Prefabricated Fragment

For the oblique penetration of a circular pipe target by a prefabricated fragment, the finite element software LS-DYNA was used to build a computational model for the circular pipe considering the penetration by a cylindrical fragment from different directions. The failure characteristics of the pipe were acquired and the critical penetration velocity was calculated. The relationship between the initial velocity and critical angle of ricochet was found. The experiment was then conducted to verify the results obtained, indicating that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. It was shown that the main critical failure pattern of a circular pipe is shear perforation or a penetrating crack. The critical penetration velocity is positively correlated with the direction angle [Formula: see text] and entry angle [Formula: see text]. For entry angles greater than 30^∘, the critical penetration velocity increases with an increase in the direction angle, and this effect is stronger for higher direction angles. The critical angle of ricochet is positively correlated with the initial velocity of the fragment. The critical angle of ricochet tends to approach a constant of 60^∘as the initial velocity of the fragment increases.