Design of W-Shapes for Combined Bending and Torsion

Numerous sources of information are available for the calculation of stresses in W-shapes in combined bending and torsion. Of these, only Ref. 3 gives much attention to effects of structural details, torsional restraint of attached members, the difficulty of achieving end-warping restraint, or the importance of twist angle when a masonry wall is supported. In some of the foregoing design examples, the reduction or virtual elimination of the torsion problem through participation of contiguous structural members may seem so obvious as to be trivial.