Long-Term Behavior of a Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Integrated Bridge System in Hawaii

A 109.5-Ft-long Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Integrated Bridge System (GRS-IBS) in Hawaii was instrumented to measure superstructure strains, vertical pressures below the footing, lateral pressures behind the end wall and modular block facing, and lateral displacements of the facing. Field surveys were also performed to measure the bridge footing settlement. The field data showed that: (1) with time the superstructure compressive concrete strains gradually increased and the end wall lateral pressures gradually decreased, evidence of superstructure concrete creep and shrinkage; (2) three years after construction, the total footing settlement was ≈ 1.2 in.; and (3) the bridge superstructure undergoes daily and seasonal thermal expansion and contraction cycles. Also seasonally, the vertical pressures beneath the footing, lateral pressures behind the end walls, and superstructure strains fluctuate cyclically. The vertical footing pressure closest to the stream experienced the greatest daily pressure fluctuation (≈ 2500−3000 psf), while the one nearest the end wall experienced the least. Based on the results of cyclic triaxial tests on a basalt aggregate similar to the GRS backfill to estimate permanent deformation of the abutment due to daily pressure fluctuations, it was estimated that the permanent strain ≈ 1%, comparable to what was observed in the bridge footing. After three years, the total settlement is about 1.6% of the GRS abutment height; ≈ 0.7% of this is due to the structure dead weight and the remaining 0.9% is due to cyclic loading, consistent with the 1% cyclic strain from laboratory permanent deformation tests.