Numerical modeling of saturated soils based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Part 2: Coupled analysis

In the first part of this paper the meshless numerical method smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) was introduced, and its application for seepage analysis was presented. In this second part the method is extended to truly coupled analysis using a two-phase model for saturated soils. In contrast to the simulations in the first part of the paper the soil is also subjected to displacements. A hypoplastic constitutive model is applied to the soil, considering a liquefaction threshold for the case of very low effective stress or tension. The interaction between the two phases - water and soil - is presented for the case of laminar and turbulent flow. Various approaches for the evaluation of the interaction coefficients are introduced and evaluated. Test cases for verification and application of the SPH model are presented and discussed.