Composite Cements Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Fly Ash, and Geothermal Silica with Alkali Activation
Author(s): |
Andres Salas Montoya
Loth I. Rodríguez-Barboza Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca Javier Cárcel-Carrasco Lauren Y. Gómez-Zamorano |
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Medium: | journal article |
Language(s): | English |
Published in: | Buildings, 28 June 2023, n. 7, v. 13 |
Page(s): | 1854 |
DOI: | 10.3390/buildings13071854 |
Abstract: |
In recent decades, alkali activated and blended cements have attracted great interest worldwide due to their advantages of low energy cost, high strength, and good durability. This study evaluated the effects of replacing 50% of Portland cement with a mixture of three waste materials: ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), and geothermal waste (GS), with and without external alkaline activation, and activated with different alkali agents: 4 and 7% Na2O equivalent of sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate (water glass), and sodium sulfate. After 90 days of curing, samples were characterized using compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses. The results showed that sodium hydroxide caused an alkali–silica reaction and reduced the strength, while sodium silicate and sodium sulfate improved the strength and hydration products formation. Moreover, the addition of fly ash decreased the compressive strength but increased the workability, while the addition of slag and geothermal waste increased strength and densified the matrix with the formation of additional hydration products. The blended cements without activation also showed better performance than pure cement and a more compact matrix of hydration products. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using waste materials to produce blended cements with low energy costs and high durability. |
Copyright: | © 2023 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
License: | This creative work has been published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license which allows copying, and redistribution as well as adaptation of the original work provided appropriate credit is given to the original author and the conditions of the license are met. |
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data sheet - Reference-ID
10737053 - Published on:
03/09/2023 - Last updated on:
14/09/2023