Resilience of transport infrastructure against natural hazards: attributes and indicators

The surge in extreme weather globally inflicts extensive damage to transport infrastructure, resulting in high costs for restoration and long-term recovery. Resilience management, encompassing different phases - from pre- to post-disaster - is crucial for enhancing robustness, reducing recovery time, mitigating losses, and adapting to climate extremes. Existing literature extensively addresses some attributes of resilience, especially robustness and recovery capacity, which affect direct and indirect losses due to a disruptive event. Other attributes such as preparedness and adaptive capacity, which affect resilience management in the phase before the next or future disruptions, have received less attention. This study identifies indicators to describe and manage the resilience of transport assets across all management phases, also introducing the phase "beyond" recovery. The paper also introduces “intelligence” which is associated with the capacity of a system to use information to support resilience management “across” all the other phases.