Smart Aggregate-Based Concrete Stress Monitoring via 1D CNN Deep Learning of Raw Impedance Signals

A 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) model is developed to process deep learning of raw impedance signals for smart aggregate (SA)-based concrete stress monitoring. First, the framework of the SA-based stress monitoring using deep learning of raw impedance signals is described. An impedance measurement model is designed for a SA-embedded concrete body under compression. A 1D CNN model is developed for deep learning of raw impedance signals corresponding to various stress levels. Three approaches for concrete stress monitoring are designed to deal with data availability, signal noises, and untrained stress levels. Second, a few SA-embedded concrete cylinders are experimented to measure impedance signals under various stress levels. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is extensively evaluated by investigating the feasibility of the K-fold cross-validation to deal with the data availability and the effects of signal noises and untrained data on the accuracy of stress estimation in the SA-embedded concrete cylinders.