Bone Char Adsorption of COD and Colour from Tannery Wastewater: Breakthrough Curve Analysis and Fixed Bed Dynamic Modelling

This study delves into the simultaneous adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from tannery wastewater using bone char through a fixed bed column. The bone char, which was derived from cattle skulls, was characterised using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Braeuer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and the scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The effects of different process conditions, specifically, packed bed height (5, 10, and 15 cm) and flow rate (2, 5, and 8 mL/min), on the adsorption efficiency of the fixed bed column were assessed through breakthrough curve analysis. The results revealed that the efficiency of the column bed enhanced with increasing bed height and declined with increasing wastewater flow rate. The optimal operating conditions for COD and colour removal onto the bone char occurred at 15 cm bed height and 2 mL/min flow rate. The adsorption capacities at these conditions were 227.4 mg/g and 53.03 Pt-Co/g for COD and colour, respectively. The kinetics associated with the fixed bed adsorption of COD and colour onto bone char were elucidated through the fitting of the Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson models to the experimental data. Among the three models, the Yoon–Nelson model gave the best prediction of the experimental data. Maximum adsorption efficiencies of 80.65% and 84% were attained for COD and colour removal, respectively, proving that bone char is a promising and ecologically friendly alternative adsorbent for the treatment of tannery wastewater.