Ground reaction and lining curves / Gebirgs- und Ausbaukennlinien

Ground reaction curves characterise the behaviour of the ground while excavating and supporting the cavity and provide a better understanding of the resulting interactions of ground pressure, lining loading and deformation. By including the element of time, the picture can be extended to a diagram, which can be used to display or understand certain situations better. A few practical examples should help to understand the reasons for failure or the failure mechanism.